@value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}), which creates and extracts files
from archives.
-Copyright @copyright{} 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001,
-2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Free Software
-Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright @copyright{} 1992, 1994--1997, 1999--2001, 2003--2013 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.
@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
-any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
-Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
-A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free
-Documentation License''.
+any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
+Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License'', with the
+Front-Cover Texts being ``A GNU Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts
+as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section
+entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
+
+(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to
+copy and modify this GNU manual.''
@end quotation
@end copying
* Synopsis::
* using tar options::
* Styles::
-* All Options::
-* help::
-* defaults::
-* verbose::
-* checkpoints::
-* warnings::
-* interactive::
+* All Options:: All @command{tar} Options.
+* help:: Where to Get Help.
+* defaults:: What are the Default Values.
+* verbose:: Checking @command{tar} progress.
+* checkpoints:: Checkpoints.
+* warnings:: Controlling Warning Messages.
+* interactive:: Asking for Confirmation During Operations.
+* external:: Running External Commands.
@end menu
@node Synopsis
@item --ignore-failed-read
Do not exit unsuccessfully merely because an unreadable file was encountered.
-@xref{Reading}.
+@xref{Ignore Failed Read}.
@opsummary{ignore-zeros}
@item --ignore-zeros
@opsummary{info-script}
@opsummary{new-volume-script}
-@item --info-script=@var{script-file}
-@itemx --new-volume-script=@var{script-file}
-@itemx -F @var{script-file}
+@item --info-script=@var{command}
+@itemx --new-volume-script=@var{command}
+@itemx -F @var{command}
-When @command{tar} is performing multi-tape backups, @var{script-file} is run
-at the end of each tape. If @var{script-file} exits with nonzero status,
-@command{tar} fails immediately. @xref{info-script}, for a detailed
-discussion of @var{script-file}.
+When @command{tar} is performing multi-tape backups, @var{command} is run
+at the end of each tape. If it exits with nonzero status,
+@command{tar} fails immediately. @xref{info-script}, for a detailed
+discussion of this feature.
@opsummary{interactive}
@item --interactive
@smallexample
tar (GNU tar) @value{VERSION}
-Copyright (C) 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-Copyright (C) 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
$ @kbd{tar -c --checkpoint=1000 --checkpoint-action=sleep=30}
@end smallexample
+@anchor{checkpoint exec}
@cindex @code{exec}, checkpoint action
-Finally, the @code{exec} action executes a given external program.
+Finally, the @code{exec} action executes a given external command.
For example:
@smallexample
$ @kbd{tar -c --checkpoint=1000 --checkpoint-action=exec=/sbin/cpoint}
@end smallexample
-This program is executed using @command{/bin/sh -c}, with no
-additional arguments. Its exit code is ignored. It gets a copy of
-@command{tar}'s environment plus the following variables:
+The supplied command can be any valid command invocation, with or
+without additional command line arguments. If it does contain
+arguments, don't forget to quote it to prevent it from being split by
+the shell. @xref{external, Running External Commands}, for more detail.
+
+The command gets a copy of @command{tar}'s environment plus the
+following variables:
@table @env
@vrindex TAR_VERSION, checkpoint script environment
list of archive format names.
@end table
+These environment variables can also be passed as arguments to the
+command, provided that they are properly escaped, for example:
+
+@smallexample
+@kbd{tar -c -f arc.tar \
+ --checkpoint-action='exec=/sbin/cpoint $TAR_FILENAME'}
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+Notice single quotes to prevent variable names from being expanded by
+the shell when invoking @command{tar}.
+
Any number of actions can be defined, by supplying several
@option{--checkpoint-action} options in the command line. For
example, the command below displays two messages, pauses
read from that named pipe. This has the advantage of letting standard
output free to receive verbose output, all separate from errors.
+@node external
+@section Running External Commands
+
+Certain @GNUTAR{} operations imply running external commands that you
+supply on the command line. One of such operations is checkpointing,
+described above (@pxref{checkpoint exec}). Another example of this
+feature is the @option{-I} option, which allows you to supply the
+program to use for compressing or decompressing the archive
+(@pxref{use-compress-program}).
+
+Whenever such operation is requested, @command{tar} first splits the
+supplied command into words much like the shell does. It then treats
+the first word as the name of the program or the shell script to execute
+and the rest of words as its command line arguments. The program,
+unless given as an absolute file name, is searched in the shell's
+@env{PATH}.
+
+Any additional information is normally supplied to external commands
+in environment variables, specific to each particular operation. For
+example, the @option{--checkpoint-action=exec} option, defines the
+@env{TAR_ARCHIVE} variable to the name of the archive being worked
+upon. You can, should the need be, use these variables in the
+command line of the external command. For example:
+
+@smallexample
+$ @kbd{tar -x -f archive.tar \
+ --checkpoint=exec='printf "%04d in %32s\r" $TAR_CHECKPOINT $TAR_ARCHIVE'}
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+This command prints for each checkpoint its number and the name of the
+archive, using the same output line on the screen.
+
+Notice the use of single quotes to prevent variable names from being
+expanded by the shell when invoking @command{tar}.
+
@node operations
@chapter @GNUTAR{} Operations
@opindex to-command
@item --to-command=@var{command}
Extract files and pipe their contents to the standard input of
-@var{command}. When this option is used, instead of creating the
+@var{command}. When this option is used, instead of creating the
files specified, @command{tar} invokes @var{command} and pipes the
-contents of the files to its standard output. The @var{command} may
-contain command line arguments. The program is executed via
-@code{sh -c}. Notice, that @var{command} is executed once for each regular file
+contents of the files to its standard output. The @var{command} may
+contain command line arguments (see @ref{external, Running External Commands},
+for more detail).
+
+Notice, that @var{command} is executed once for each regular file
extracted. Non-regular files (directories, etc.) are ignored when this
option is used.
@end table
list of archive format names.
@end table
+These variables are defined prior to executing the command, so you can
+pass them as arguments, if you prefer. For example, if the command
+@var{proc} takes the member name and size as its arguments, then you
+could do:
+
+@smallexample
+$ @kbd{tar -x -f archive.tar \
+ --to-command='proc $TAR_FILENAME $TAR_SIZE'}
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+Notice single quotes to prevent variable names from being expanded by
+the shell when invoking @command{tar}.
+
If @var{command} exits with a non-0 status, @command{tar} will print
an error message similar to the following:
such devices or remote files is reblocked by another copy of the
@command{tar} program to enforce the specified (or default) record
size. The default compression parameters are used. Most compression
-programs allow to override these by setting a program-specific
-environment variable. For example, when using @command{gzip} you can
-use @env{GZIP} as in the example below:
+programs let you override these by setting a program-specific
+environment variable. For example, with @command{gzip} you can set
+@env{GZIP}:
@smallexample
-$ @kbd{GZIP=--best tar czf archive.tar.gz subdir}
+$ @kbd{GZIP='-9 -n' tar czf archive.tar.gz subdir}
@end smallexample
-
-@noindent
Another way would be to use the @option{-I} option instead (see
below), e.g.:
@smallexample
-$ @kbd{tar -cf archive.tar.gz -I 'gzip --best' subdir}
+$ @kbd{tar -cf archive.tar.gz -I 'gzip -9 -n' subdir}
@end smallexample
@noindent
-Finally, the third, traditional, way to achieve the same result is to
-use pipe:
+Finally, the third, traditional, way to do this is to use a pipe:
@smallexample
-$ @kbd{tar cf - subdir | gzip --best -c - > archive.tar.gz}
+$ @kbd{tar cf - subdir | gzip -9 -n > archive.tar.gz}
@end smallexample
@cindex corrupted archives
-About corrupted compressed archives: compressed files have no
-redundancy, for maximum compression. The adaptive nature of the
+Compressed archives are easily corrupted, because compressed files
+have little redundancy. The adaptive nature of the
compression scheme means that the compression tables are implicitly
spread all over the archive. If you lose a few blocks, the dynamic
construction of the compression tables becomes unsynchronized, and there
is little chance that you could recover later in the archive.
-Another compression options provide a better control over creating
+Other compression options provide better control over creating
compressed archives. These are:
@table @option
@item @samp{.xz} @tab @command{xz}
@end multitable
+@anchor{use-compress-program}
@opindex use-compress-program
-@item --use-compress-program=@var{prog}
-@itemx -I=@var{prog}
-Use external compression program @var{prog}. Use this option if you
+@item --use-compress-program=@var{command}
+@itemx -I=@var{command}
+Use external compression program @var{command}. Use this option if you
are not happy with the compression program associated with the suffix
at compile time or if you have a compression program that @GNUTAR{}
-does not support. There are two requirements to which @var{prog}
-should comply:
+does not support. The @var{command} argument is a valid command
+invocation, as you would type it at the command line prompt, with any
+additional options as needed. Enclose it in quotes if it contains
+white space (see @ref{external, Running External Commands}, for more detail).
-First, when called without options, it should read data from standard
-input, compress it and output it on standard output.
+The @var{command} should follow two conventions:
-Secondly, if called with @option{-d} argument, it should do exactly
-the opposite, i.e., read the compressed data from the standard input
-and produce uncompressed data on the standard output.
+First, when invoked without additional options, it should read data
+from standard input, compress it and output it on standard output.
+
+Secondly, if invoked with the additional @option{-d} option, it should
+do exactly the opposite, i.e., read the compressed data from the
+standard input and produce uncompressed data on the standard output.
+
+The latter requirement means that you must not use the @option{-d}
+option as a part of the @var{command} itself.
@end table
@cindex gpg, using with tar
@xopindex{info-script, short description}
@xopindex{new-volume-script, short description}
-@item -F @var{file}
-@itemx --info-script=@var{file}
-@itemx --new-volume-script=@var{file}
-Execute @file{file} at end of each tape. This implies
+@item -F @var{command}
+@itemx --info-script=@var{command}
+@itemx --new-volume-script=@var{command}
+Execute @var{command} at end of each tape. This implies
@option{--multi-volume} (@option{-M}). @xref{info-script}, for a detailed
description of this option.
@end table
@command{rsh} or @command{remsh} to the remote machine, optionally
using a different login name if one is supplied.
-A copy of the source for the remote tape server is provided. It is
-Copyright @copyright{} 1983 by the Regents of the University of
-California, but can be freely distributed. It is compiled and
+A copy of the source for the remote tape server is provided. Its
+source code can be freely distributed. It is compiled and
installed by default.
@cindex absolute file names
prompting procedure:
@table @option
-@item --info-script=@var{script-name}
-@itemx --new-volume-script=@var{script-name}
-@itemx -F @var{script-name}
-Specify the full name of the volume script to use. The script can be
-used to eject cassettes, or to broadcast messages such as
+@item --info-script=@var{command}
+@itemx --new-volume-script=@var{command}
+@itemx -F @var{command}
+Specify the command to invoke when switching volumes. The @var{command}
+can be used to eject cassettes, or to broadcast messages such as
@samp{Someone please come change my tape} when performing unattended
backups.
@end table
-The @var{script-name} is executed without any command line
-arguments. It inherits @command{tar}'s shell environment.
-Additional data is passed to it via the following
-environment variables:
+The @var{command} can contain additional options, if such are needed.
+@xref{external, Running External Commands}, for a detailed discussion
+of the way @GNUTAR{} runs external commands. It inherits
+@command{tar}'s shell environment. Additional data is passed to it
+via the following environment variables:
@table @env
@vrindex TAR_VERSION, info script environment variable
name to @command{tar}.
@end table
+These variables can be used in the @var{command} itself, provided that
+they are properly quoted to prevent them from being expanded by the
+shell that invokes @command{tar}.
+
The volume script can instruct @command{tar} to use new archive name,
by writing in to file descriptor @env{$TAR_FD} (see below for an example).
@smallexample
@group
-#! /bin/sh
+#! /bin/bash
+# For this script it's advisable to use a shell, such as Bash,
+# that supports a TAR_FD value greater than 9.
+
echo Preparing volume $TAR_VOLUME of $TAR_ARCHIVE.
name=`expr $TAR_ARCHIVE : '\(.*\)-.*'`
projects / chaz / tar / blobdiff