/*
 * CS5600 University of Utah
 * Charles McGarvey
 * mcgarvey@eng.utah.edu
 */

#include <assert.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#include "list.h"
#include "raster.h"


struct raster
{
    color_t*    pixels;
    scal_t*     zbuf;
    int         w, h;
    int         left, right, bottom, top;
    mat_t       model;
    mat_t       view;
    mat_t       projection;
    mat_t       modelviewprojection;
    mat_t       viewport;
    bool        dirty;
    const model_t* current;
#if LIGHTING
    list_t*     lights;
    color_t     ambient;
    vec_t       eye;
    color_t     specular;
    scal_t      shininess;
#endif
#if VERBOSITY >= 2
    unsigned    total;
    unsigned    clipped;
    unsigned    culled;
#endif
};


raster_t* raster_alloc(int width, int height, color_t fill)
{
    assert(0 < width && 0 < height && "zero-dimension raster not allowed");
    size_t size = width * height;

    raster_t* p = (raster_t*)mem_alloc(sizeof(raster_t));
    p->pixels = (color_t*)mem_alloc(sizeof(color_t) * size);
    p->w = width;
    p->h = height;
    raster_clear(p, fill);
    raster_viewport(p, 0, 0, width, height);
    p->model = p->view = p->projection = MAT_IDENTITY;
    p->dirty = false;
    p->current = NULL;

#if LIGHTING
    p->ambient = color_new(S(0.2), S(0.2), S(0.2), S(1.0));
    p->lights = NULL;
    p->specular = COLOR_WHITE;
    p->shininess = S(1.0);
#endif

    p->zbuf = (scal_t*)mem_alloc(sizeof(scal_t) * size);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
        p->zbuf[i] = S(1.0);
    }

    return p;
}

void raster_destroy(raster_t* p)
{
    mem_free(p->pixels);
    mem_free(p->zbuf);
#if LIGHTING
    list_destroy(&p->lights);
#endif
    mem_free(p);
}


void raster_printstats(raster_t* p)
{
#if VERBOSITY >= 2
    unsigned drawn = p->total - p->clipped - p->culled;
    float percent = 100.0f * (float)drawn / (float)p->total;
    printf("culled\t%u\n"
           "clipped\t%u\n"
           "drawn\t%u (%6.2f%%)\n"
           "total\t%u\n", p->culled, p->clipped, drawn, percent, p->total);
#endif
}


color_t raster_color(const raster_t* p, vec_t pt)
{
    int u = (int)((scal_t)p->w * pt.x);
    int v = (int)((scal_t)p->h * pt.y);
    return p->pixels[p->w * (p->h - v - 1) + u];
}


void raster_clear(raster_t* p, color_t fill)
{
    size_t size = p->w * p->h;
    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
        p->pixels[i] = fill;
    }
#if VERBOSITY >= 2
    p->total = 0;
    p->clipped = 0;
    p->culled = 0;
#endif
}


void raster_viewport(raster_t* p, int x, int y, int width, int height)
{
    p->left     = x;
    p->right    = x + width;
    p->bottom   = y;
    p->top      = y + height;
    p->viewport = MAT_VIEWPORT(x, y, width, height);
}

void raster_model(raster_t* p, const mat_t* transform)
{
    p->model = *transform;
    p->dirty = true;
}

void raster_view(raster_t* p, const mat_t* transform)
{
    p->view = *transform;
    p->dirty = true;
}

void raster_projection(raster_t* p, const mat_t* transform)
{
    p->projection = *transform;
    p->dirty = true;
}


void raster_eye(raster_t* p, vec_t eye)
{
#if LIGHTING
    p->eye = eye;
#endif
}

void raster_ambient(raster_t* p, color_t ambient)
{
#if LIGHTING
    p->ambient = ambient;
#endif
}

void raster_light(raster_t* p, light_t light)
{
#if LIGHTING
    light_t* l = light_copy(light);
    list_push2(&p->lights, l, mem_free);
#endif
}

void raster_material(raster_t* p, color_t specular, scal_t shininess)
{
#if LIGHTING
    p->specular = specular;
    p->shininess = shininess;
#endif
}


#define _DO_OR_DIE(X) if ((X) <= 0) goto fail

int raster_export_ppm(const raster_t* p, const char* filename)
{
    FILE* file = fopen(filename, "w");
    if (file == NULL) {
fail:   fprintf(stderr, "Cannot write to %s: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }

    _DO_OR_DIE(fprintf(file, "P3\n%u %u\n255\n", p->w, p->h));
    for (int y = (int)p->h - 1; y >= 0; --y) {
        for (int x = 0; x < p->w; ++x) {
            rgbachan_t r, g, b;
            color_split(p->pixels[y * p->w + x], &r, &g, &b, NULL);
            _DO_OR_DIE(fprintf(file, "%hhu %hhu %hhu\n", r, g, b));
        }
    }

    fclose(file);
    return 0;
}

int raster_export_bmp(const raster_t* p, const char* filename)
{
    /*
     * This function was adapted from sample code provided with the assignment
     * instructions.
     */
    FILE* file = fopen(filename, "wb");
    if (file == NULL) {
fail:   fprintf(stderr, "Cannot write to %s: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }
    
    uint16_t magicNumber = 0x4D42;
    uint16_t reserved0 = 0;//0x4D41;
    uint16_t reserved1 = 0;//0x5454;
    uint32_t dataOffset = 54;
    uint32_t infoHeaderSize = 40;
    uint32_t width = p->w;
    uint32_t height = p->h;
    uint16_t colorPlanes = 1;
    uint16_t bitsPerPixel = 32;
    uint32_t compression = 0;
    uint32_t dataSize = width * height * bitsPerPixel / 8;
    uint32_t horizontalResolution = 2835;
    uint32_t verticalResolution = 2835;
    uint32_t paletteColorCount = 0;
    uint32_t importantPaletteColorCount = 0;
    uint32_t fileSize = 54 + dataSize;
    
    /*
     * Check the return values to avoid loud warnings.
     */
    _DO_OR_DIE(fwrite(&magicNumber, sizeof(magicNumber), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fwrite(&fileSize, sizeof(fileSize), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fwrite(&reserved0, sizeof(reserved0), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fwrite(&reserved1, sizeof(reserved1), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fwrite(&dataOffset, sizeof(dataOffset), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fwrite(&infoHeaderSize, sizeof(infoHeaderSize), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fwrite(&width, sizeof(width), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fwrite(&height, sizeof(height), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fwrite(&colorPlanes, sizeof(colorPlanes), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fwrite(&bitsPerPixel, sizeof(bitsPerPixel), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fwrite(&compression, sizeof(compression), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fwrite(&dataSize, sizeof(dataSize), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fwrite(&horizontalResolution, sizeof(horizontalResolution), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fwrite(&verticalResolution, sizeof(verticalResolution), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fwrite(&paletteColorCount, sizeof(paletteColorCount), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fwrite(&importantPaletteColorCount, sizeof(importantPaletteColorCount), 1, file));
    
    size_t size = width * height;
    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
    {
        rgbachan_t a, r, g, b;
        color_split(p->pixels[i], &r, &g, &b, &a);
        uint32_t argb = PACK(argb, 3, a);
        argb = PACK(argb, 2, r);
        argb = PACK(argb, 1, g);
        argb = PACK(argb, 0, b);
        _DO_OR_DIE(fwrite(&argb, sizeof(argb), 1, file));
    }
    
    fclose(file);
    return 0;
}


raster_t* raster_import(const char* filename)
{
    int     type = 0;
    char*   ext = strrchr(filename, '.');
    if (ext == NULL) {
        goto fail;
    }
    ++ext;

    if (strcmp(ext, "bmp") == 0) {
        return raster_import_bmp(filename);
    }
    if (strcmp(ext, "ppm") == 0) {
        return raster_import_ppm(filename);
    }

fail:
    fprintf(stderr, "Unknown file type: %s", filename);
    return NULL;
}

raster_t* raster_import_ppm(const char* filename)
{
    FILE* file = fopen(filename, "r");
    if (file == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Cannot read from %s: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
        return NULL;
    }

    int w, h;
    if (fscanf(file, "P3 %d %d 255 ", &w, &h) != 2) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Cannot read header from %s: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
        return NULL;
    }

    raster_t* p = raster_alloc(w, h, COLOR_WHITE);

    for (int y = h - 1; y >= 0; --y) {
        for (int x = 0; x < w; ++x) {
            uint16_t r, g, b;
            /* mingw32 does not like %hhu conversion type */
            if (fscanf(file, "%hu %hu %hu ", &r, &g, &b) != 3) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Failed reading color values from %s: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
                return NULL;
            }
            rgba_t rgba = PACK(rgba, 3, (uint8_t)r);
            rgba = PACK(rgba, 2, (uint8_t)g);
            rgba = PACK(rgba, 1, (uint8_t)b);
            rgba = PACK(rgba, 0, 255);
            p->pixels[y * w + x] = color_from_rgba(rgba);
        }
    }

    fclose(file);
    return p;

fail:
    raster_destroy(p);
    fclose(file);
    fprintf(stderr, "Unexpected file format in %s: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
    return NULL;
}

raster_t* raster_import_bmp(const char* filename)
{
    FILE* file = fopen(filename, "rb");
    if (file == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Cannot read from %s: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
        return NULL;
    }

    uint16_t magicNumber;
    uint16_t reserved0;//0x4D41;
    uint16_t reserved1;//0x5454;
    uint32_t dataOffset;
    uint32_t infoHeaderSize;
    uint32_t width;
    uint32_t height;
    uint16_t colorPlanes;
    uint16_t bitsPerPixel;
    uint32_t compression;
    uint32_t dataSize;
    uint32_t horizontalResolution;
    uint32_t verticalResolution;
    uint32_t paletteColorCount;
    uint32_t importantPaletteColorCount;
    uint32_t fileSize;

    raster_t* p = NULL;

    _DO_OR_DIE(fread(&magicNumber, sizeof(magicNumber), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fread(&fileSize, sizeof(fileSize), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fread(&reserved0, sizeof(reserved0), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fread(&reserved1, sizeof(reserved1), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fread(&dataOffset, sizeof(dataOffset), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fread(&infoHeaderSize, sizeof(infoHeaderSize), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fread(&width, sizeof(width), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fread(&height, sizeof(height), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fread(&colorPlanes, sizeof(colorPlanes), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fread(&bitsPerPixel, sizeof(bitsPerPixel), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fread(&compression, sizeof(compression), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fread(&dataSize, sizeof(dataSize), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fread(&horizontalResolution, sizeof(horizontalResolution), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fread(&verticalResolution, sizeof(verticalResolution), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fread(&paletteColorCount, sizeof(paletteColorCount), 1, file));
    _DO_OR_DIE(fread(&importantPaletteColorCount, sizeof(importantPaletteColorCount), 1, file));

    p = raster_alloc((int)width, (int)height, COLOR_WHITE);

    size_t size = width * height;
    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
    {
        uint32_t argb;
        _DO_OR_DIE(fread(&argb, sizeof(argb), 1, file));
        rgba_t rgba = PACK(rgba, 3, UNPACK(argb, 2));
        rgba = PACK(rgba, 2, UNPACK(argb, 1));
        rgba = PACK(rgba, 1, UNPACK(argb, 0));
        rgba = PACK(rgba, 0, UNPACK(argb, 3));
        p->pixels[i] = color_from_rgba(rgba);
    }

    fclose(file);
    return p;

fail:
    if (p) {
        raster_destroy(p);
    }
    fclose(file);
    fprintf(stderr, "Unexpected file format in %s: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
    return NULL;
}

#undef _DO_OR_DIE


void raster_draw_model(raster_t* p, const model_t* model)
{
#if VERBOSITY >= 4
#define PROGRESS_FMT "\033[80D\033[2K  %s\t %9d / %d"
    int tri;
#endif

    model_transformation(model, &p->model);
    p->dirty = true;
    raster_material(p, model_specular(model), model_shininess(model));
    p->current = model;
    IF_RENDER_PROGRESS(tri = 0);
    for (const list_t* ti = model_geometry(model); ti; ti = ti->link) {
#if VERBOSITY >= 4
        if (++tri % 100 == 0) {
            printf(PROGRESS_FMT, model_name(model), tri, model_size(model));
            fflush(stdout);
        }
#endif
        raster_draw_tri(p, (tri_t*)ti->val);
    }
#if VERBOSITY >= 4
    printf(PROGRESS_FMT"\n", model_name(model), tri, model_size(model));
#endif
}


/*
 * See if the triangle is at all visible in the viewport.  Also, minimize the
 * rectangle around the area that includes the triangle.
 */
INLINE_MAYBE
bool _try_clip(tri_t t, int* left, int* right, int* bottom, int* top)
{
#if CLIPPING
    aabb_t box = tri_aabb(t);
    if (box.min.z < S(-1.0) || S(1.0) < box.max.z) {
        return false;
    }
    *left = imax((int)scal_floor(box.min.x), *left);
    *right = imin((int)scal_ceil(box.max.x), *right);
    if (*right <= *left) {
        return false;
    }
    *bottom = imax((int)scal_floor(box.min.y), *bottom);
    *top = imin((int)scal_ceil(box.max.y), *top);
    if (*top <= *bottom) {
        return false;
    }
#endif // CLIPPING
    return true;
}

/*
 * See whether or not we need to draw based on the orientation of the
 * triangle.
 */
INLINE_MAYBE
bool _try_cull_backface(tri_t t)
{
#if BACKFACE_CULLING
    vec_t n = tri_normal(t);
    if (n.z < S(0.0)) {
        return false;
    }
#endif
    return true;
}

/*
 * Determine what color is associated with the given vertex.
 */
INLINE_MAYBE
color_t _do_phong_lighting(raster_t* p, vert_t vert)
{
#if TEXTURING
    vert.c = color_mult(vert.c, model_tcolor(p->current, vert.t));
#endif
#if LIGHTING
    color_t color = COLOR_BLACK;
    color.a = vert.c.a;
    for (list_t* i = p->lights; i; i = i->link) {
        light_t light = *(light_t*)i->val;
        vec_t   mpos = vert.v;
        vec_t   lpos = light.v;
        vec_t   vpos = p->eye;
        vec_t   n = vert.n;
        vec_t   l = vec_normalize(vec_sub(lpos, mpos));
        vec_t   r = vec_normalize(vec_sub(vec_scale(n, S(2.0) * vec_dot(n, l)), l));
        vec_t   v = vec_normalize(vec_sub(vpos, mpos));

        scal_t  kd = scal_max(vec_dot(l, n), S(0.0));
        color_t Id = color_scale2(light.d, vert.c, kd);
        scal_t  ks = scal_pow(scal_max(vec_dot(r, v), S(0.0)), p->shininess);
        color_t Is = color_scale2(light.s, p->specular, ks);

        color = color_add2(color, Id, Is);
    }
    color_t Ia = color_mult(p->ambient, vert.c);
    return color_clamp(color_add(color, Ia));
#else
    return vert.c;
#endif // LIGHTING
}

void raster_draw_tri(raster_t* p, const tri_t* triangle)
{
    IF_RASTER_STATS(++p->total);
    tri_t t = *triangle;

    // need to recalculate the model-view-projection matrix if any one of its
    // composing matrices have been changed
    if (p->dirty) {
        p->modelviewprojection = mat_mult(p->view, p->model);
        p->modelviewprojection = mat_mult(p->projection, p->modelviewprojection);
        p->dirty = false;
    }

    t = tri_transform(t, p->modelviewprojection);

    // save w-values for texture mapping perspective correction
    scal_t w1 = t.a.v.w;
    scal_t w2 = t.b.v.w;
    scal_t w3 = t.c.v.w;

    t = tri_homodiv(t);

    if (!_try_cull_backface(t)) {
        IF_RASTER_STATS(++p->culled);
        return;
    }

    t = tri_transform(t, p->viewport);

    int left    = p->left;
    int right   = p->right;
    int bottom  = p->bottom;
    int top     = p->top;

    if (!_try_clip(t, &left, &right, &bottom, &top)) {
        IF_RASTER_STATS(++p->clipped);
        return;
    }

#if LIGHTING >= 1
    tri_t tl = tri_transform(*triangle, p->model);
    tl.a.t.w = w1;
    tl.b.t.w = w2;
    tl.c.t.w = w3;
#endif

#if LIGHTING == 1
    vert_t tv = vert_new(tri_midpoint(tl));
    tv.n = vec_normalize(tri_normal(tl));
    tv.c = tri_color(tl);
    color_t color = _do_phong_lighting(p, tv);
#elif LIGHTING == 2 && SMOOTH_COLOR
    color_t color1 = _do_phong_lighting(p, tl.a);
    color_t color2 = _do_phong_lighting(p, tl.b);
    color_t color3 = _do_phong_lighting(p, tl.c);
#elif LIGHTING == 2 && !SMOOTH_COLOR
    color_t c = tri_color(t);
    tl.a.c = tl.b.c = tl.c.c = c;
    color_t color1 = _do_phong_lighting(p, tl.a);
    color_t color2 = _do_phong_lighting(p, tl.b);
    color_t color3 = _do_phong_lighting(p, tl.c);
#elif !LIGHTING && SMOOTH_COLOR
    color_t color1 = t.a.c;
    color_t color2 = t.b.c;
    color_t color3 = t.c.c;
#else
    color_t color = tri_color(t);
#endif

    for (int y = bottom; y < top; ++y) {
        for (int x = left; x < right; ++x) {
            vec_t   v = vec_new((scal_t)x, (scal_t)y, S(0.0));
            scal_t  b[3];
            if (tri_barycentric(t, b, v)) {
#if DEPTH_TEST
                v.z = tri_z(t, b);
                scal_t* n = p->zbuf + y * p->w + x;
                if (S(-1.0) < v.z && v.z < *n) {
#endif
                    color_t* c = p->pixels + y * p->w + x;
                    color_t  newC;

#if LIGHTING == 2 || (!LIGHTING && SMOOTH_COLOR)
                    newC = color_interp2(color1, color2, color3, b);
#elif LIGHTING == 3 && SMOOTH_COLOR
                    newC = _do_phong_lighting(p, tri_interp(tl, b));
#elif LIGHTING == 3 && !SMOOTH_COLOR
                    vert_t d = vert_new(tri_point(t, b));
                    d.c = tri_color(t);
                    d.n = tri_normal2(t, b);
                    newC = _do_phong_lighting(p, d);
#else
                    newC = color;
#endif

#if BLENDING
                    *c = color_blend(*c, newC);
#else
                    *c = newC;
#endif

#if DEPTH_TEST
                    *n = v.z;
                }
#endif
            }
        }
    }
}