X-Git-Url: https://git.dogcows.com/gitweb?a=blobdiff_plain;f=lib%2FCGI%2FEx%2FTemplate.pm;h=48e900a44f7dc8f66b128a683e8475a3c4ceeca9;hb=8a1796477c5a835d8c124cfa8504909dc786d93b;hp=370336796954cf8acc479a854122f1113f3cbb03;hpb=3fe8e76eb82e9d74f656674c5ba913950e166ab1;p=chaz%2Fp5-CGI-Ex

diff --git a/lib/CGI/Ex/Template.pm b/lib/CGI/Ex/Template.pm
index 3703367..48e900a 100644
--- a/lib/CGI/Ex/Template.pm
+++ b/lib/CGI/Ex/Template.pm
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package CGI::Ex::Template;
 
 ###----------------------------------------------------------------###
 #  See the perldoc in CGI/Ex/Template.pod
-#  Copyright 2006 - Paul Seamons                                     #
+#  Copyright 2007 - Paul Seamons                                     #
 #  Distributed under the Perl Artistic License without warranty      #
 ###----------------------------------------------------------------###
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ use vars qw($VERSION
             );
 
 BEGIN {
-    $VERSION = '2.02';
+    $VERSION = '2.09';
 
     $PACKAGE_EXCEPTION   = 'CGI::Ex::Template::Exception';
     $PACKAGE_ITERATOR    = 'CGI::Ex::Template::Iterator';
@@ -59,16 +59,18 @@ BEGIN {
     };
 
     $SCALAR_OPS = {
-        '0'      => sub { shift },
+        '0'      => sub { $_[0] },
         as       => \&vmethod_as_scalar,
         chunk    => \&vmethod_chunk,
         collapse => sub { local $_ = $_[0]; s/^\s+//; s/\s+$//; s/\s+/ /g; $_ },
-        defined  => sub { 1 },
+        defined  => sub { defined $_[0] ? 1 : '' },
         indent   => \&vmethod_indent,
         int      => sub { local $^W; int $_[0] },
+        fmt      => \&vmethod_as_scalar,
         'format' => \&vmethod_format,
         hash     => sub { {value => $_[0]} },
         html     => sub { local $_ = $_[0]; s/&/&amp;/g; s/</&lt;/g; s/>/&gt;/g; s/\"/&quot;/g; $_ },
+        item     => sub { $_[0] },
         lcfirst  => sub { lcfirst $_[0] },
         length   => sub { defined($_[0]) ? length($_[0]) : 0 },
         list     => sub { [$_[0]] },
@@ -80,11 +82,11 @@ BEGIN {
         remove   => sub { vmethod_replace(shift, shift, '', 1) },
         repeat   => \&vmethod_repeat,
         replace  => \&vmethod_replace,
-        search   => sub { my ($str, $pat) = @_; return $str if ! defined $str || ! defined $pat; return scalar $str =~ /$pat/ },
+        search   => sub { my ($str, $pat) = @_; return $str if ! defined $str || ! defined $pat; return $str =~ /$pat/ },
         size     => sub { 1 },
         split    => \&vmethod_split,
         stderr   => sub { print STDERR $_[0]; '' },
-        substr   => sub { my ($str, $i, $len) = @_; defined($len) ? substr($str, $i, $len) : substr($str, $i) },
+        substr   => \&vmethod_substr,
         trim     => sub { local $_ = $_[0]; s/^\s+//; s/\s+$//; $_ },
         ucfirst  => sub { ucfirst $_[0] },
         upper    => sub { uc $_[0] },
@@ -100,44 +102,51 @@ BEGIN {
 
     $LIST_OPS = {
         as      => \&vmethod_as_list,
+        defined => sub { return 1 if @_ == 1; defined $_[0]->[ defined($_[1]) ? $_[1] : 0 ] },
         first   => sub { my ($ref, $i) = @_; return $ref->[0] if ! $i; return [@{$ref}[0 .. $i - 1]]},
-        grep    => sub { my ($ref, $pat) = @_; [grep {/$pat/} @$ref] },
-        hash    => sub { local $^W; my ($list, $i) = @_; defined($i) ? {map {$i++ => $_} @$list} : {@$list} },
+        fmt     => \&vmethod_as_list,
+        grep    => sub { local $^W; my ($ref, $pat) = @_; [grep {/$pat/} @$ref] },
+        hash    => sub { local $^W; my $list = shift; return {@$list} if ! @_; my $i = shift || 0; return {map {$i++ => $_} @$list} },
+        import  => sub { my $ref = shift; push @$ref, grep {defined} map {ref eq 'ARRAY' ? @$_ : undef} @_; '' },
+        item    => sub { $_[0]->[ $_[1] || 0 ] },
         join    => sub { my ($ref, $join) = @_; $join = ' ' if ! defined $join; local $^W; return join $join, @$ref },
         last    => sub { my ($ref, $i) = @_; return $ref->[-1] if ! $i; return [@{$ref}[-$i .. -1]]},
         list    => sub { $_[0] },
-        max     => sub { $#{ $_[0] } },
+        max     => sub { local $^W; $#{ $_[0] } },
         merge   => sub { my $ref = shift; return [ @$ref, grep {defined} map {ref eq 'ARRAY' ? @$_ : undef} @_ ] },
         new     => sub { local $^W; return [@_] },
+        null    => sub { '' },
         nsort   => \&vmethod_nsort,
         pop     => sub { pop @{ $_[0] } },
         push    => sub { my $ref = shift; push @$ref, @_; return '' },
         random  => sub { my $ref = shift; $ref->[ rand @$ref ] },
         reverse => sub { [ reverse @{ $_[0] } ] },
         shift   => sub { shift  @{ $_[0] } },
-        size    => sub { scalar @{ $_[0] } },
+        size    => sub { local $^W; scalar @{ $_[0] } },
         slice   => sub { my ($ref, $a, $b) = @_; $a ||= 0; $b = $#$ref if ! defined $b; return [@{$ref}[$a .. $b]] },
         sort    => \&vmethod_sort,
         splice  => \&vmethod_splice,
-        unique  => sub { my %u; return [ grep { ! $u{$_} ++ } @{ $_[0] } ] },
+        unique  => sub { my %u; return [ grep { ! $u{$_}++ } @{ $_[0] } ] },
         unshift => sub { my $ref = shift; unshift @$ref, @_; return '' },
     };
 
     $HASH_OPS = {
         as      => \&vmethod_as_hash,
-        defined => sub { return '' if ! defined $_[1]; defined $_[0]->{ $_[1] } },
-        delete  => sub { return '' if ! defined $_[1]; delete  $_[0]->{ $_[1] } },
+        defined => sub { return 1 if @_ == 1; defined $_[0]->{ defined($_[1]) ? $_[1] : '' } },
+        delete  => sub { my $h = shift; my @v = delete @{ $h }{map {defined($_) ? $_ : ''} @_}; @_ == 1 ? $v[0] : \@v },
         each    => sub { [%{ $_[0] }] },
-        exists  => sub { return '' if ! defined $_[1]; exists $_[0]->{ $_[1] } },
+        exists  => sub { exists $_[0]->{ defined($_[1]) ? $_[1] : '' } },
+        fmt     => \&vmethod_as_hash,
         hash    => sub { $_[0] },
-        import  => sub { my ($a, $b) = @_; return '' if ref($b) ne 'HASH'; @{$a}{keys %$b} = values %$b; '' },
-        item    => sub { my ($h, $k) = @_; return '' if ! defined $k || $k =~ $QR_PRIVATE; $h->{$k} },
+        import  => sub { my ($a, $b) = @_; @{$a}{keys %$b} = values %$b if ref($b) eq 'HASH'; '' },
+        item    => sub { my ($h, $k) = @_; $k = '' if ! defined $k; $k =~ $QR_PRIVATE ? undef : $h->{$k} },
         items   => sub { [ %{ $_[0] } ] },
         keys    => sub { [keys %{ $_[0] }] },
-        list    => sub { [$_[0]] },
+        list    => \&vmethod_list_hash,
         new     => sub { local $^W; return (@_ == 1 && ref $_[-1] eq 'HASH') ? $_[-1] : {@_} },
-        nsort   => sub { my $ref = shift; [sort {$ref->{$a}    <=> $ref->{$b}   } keys %$ref] },
-        pairs   => sub { [map { {key => $_, value => $_[0]->{$_}} } keys %{ $_[0] } ] },
+        null    => sub { '' },
+        nsort   => sub { my $ref = shift; [sort {   $ref->{$a} <=>    $ref->{$b}} keys %$ref] },
+        pairs   => sub { [map { {key => $_, value => $_[0]->{$_}} } sort keys %{ $_[0] } ] },
         size    => sub { scalar keys %{ $_[0] } },
         sort    => sub { my $ref = shift; [sort {lc $ref->{$a} cmp lc $ref->{$b}} keys %$ref] },
         values  => sub { [values %{ $_[0] }] },
@@ -204,33 +213,33 @@ BEGIN {
     ### setup the operator parsing
     $OPERATORS = [
         # type      precedence symbols              action (undef means play_operator will handle)
+        ['postfix', 99,        ['++'],              undef                                       ],
+        ['postfix', 99,        ['--'],              undef                                       ],
         ['prefix',  98,        ['++'],              undef                                       ],
         ['prefix',  98,        ['--'],              undef                                       ],
-        ['postfix', 98,        ['++'],              undef                                       ],
-        ['postfix', 98,        ['--'],              undef                                       ],
-        ['infix',   96,        ['**', 'pow'],       sub {     $_[0] ** $_[1]                  } ],
+        ['right',   96,        ['**', 'pow'],       sub {     $_[0] ** $_[1]                  } ],
         ['prefix',  93,        ['!'],               sub {   ! $_[0]                           } ],
         ['prefix',  93,        ['-'],               sub { @_ == 1 ? 0 - $_[0] : $_[0] - $_[1] } ],
-        ['infix',   90,        ['*'],               sub {     $_[0] *  $_[1]                  } ],
-        ['infix',   90,        ['/'],               sub {     $_[0] /  $_[1]                  } ],
-        ['infix',   90,        ['div', 'DIV'],      sub { int($_[0] /  $_[1])                 } ],
-        ['infix',   90,        ['%', 'mod', 'MOD'], sub {     $_[0] %  $_[1]                  } ],
-        ['infix',   85,        ['+'],               sub {     $_[0] +  $_[1]                  } ],
-        ['infix',   85,        ['-'],               sub { @_ == 1 ? 0 - $_[0] : $_[0] - $_[1] } ],
-        ['infix',   85,        ['~', '_'],          sub { join "", @_                         } ],
-        ['infix',   80,        ['<'],               sub {     $_[0] <  $_[1]                  } ],
-        ['infix',   80,        ['>'],               sub {     $_[0] >  $_[1]                  } ],
-        ['infix',   80,        ['<='],              sub {     $_[0] <= $_[1]                  } ],
-        ['infix',   80,        ['>='],              sub {     $_[0] >= $_[1]                  } ],
-        ['infix',   80,        ['lt'],              sub {     $_[0] lt $_[1]                  } ],
-        ['infix',   80,        ['gt'],              sub {     $_[0] gt $_[1]                  } ],
-        ['infix',   80,        ['le'],              sub {     $_[0] le $_[1]                  } ],
-        ['infix',   80,        ['ge'],              sub {     $_[0] ge $_[1]                  } ],
-        ['infix',   75,        ['==', 'eq'],        sub {     $_[0] eq $_[1]                  } ],
-        ['infix',   75,        ['!=', 'ne'],        sub {     $_[0] ne $_[1]                  } ],
-        ['infix',   70,        ['&&'],              undef                                       ],
-        ['infix',   65,        ['||'],              undef                                       ],
-        ['infix',   60,        ['..'],              sub {     $_[0] .. $_[1]                  } ],
+        ['left',    90,        ['*'],               sub {     $_[0] *  $_[1]                  } ],
+        ['left',    90,        ['/'],               sub {     $_[0] /  $_[1]                  } ],
+        ['left',    90,        ['div', 'DIV'],      sub { int($_[0] /  $_[1])                 } ],
+        ['left',    90,        ['%', 'mod', 'MOD'], sub {     $_[0] %  $_[1]                  } ],
+        ['left',    85,        ['+'],               sub {     $_[0] +  $_[1]                  } ],
+        ['left',    85,        ['-'],               sub { @_ == 1 ? 0 - $_[0] : $_[0] - $_[1] } ],
+        ['left',    85,        ['~', '_'],          sub { join "", @_                         } ],
+        ['none',    80,        ['<'],               sub {     $_[0] <  $_[1]                  } ],
+        ['none',    80,        ['>'],               sub {     $_[0] >  $_[1]                  } ],
+        ['none',    80,        ['<='],              sub {     $_[0] <= $_[1]                  } ],
+        ['none',    80,        ['>='],              sub {     $_[0] >= $_[1]                  } ],
+        ['none',    80,        ['lt'],              sub {     $_[0] lt $_[1]                  } ],
+        ['none',    80,        ['gt'],              sub {     $_[0] gt $_[1]                  } ],
+        ['none',    80,        ['le'],              sub {     $_[0] le $_[1]                  } ],
+        ['none',    80,        ['ge'],              sub {     $_[0] ge $_[1]                  } ],
+        ['none',    75,        ['==', 'eq'],        sub {     $_[0] eq $_[1]                  } ],
+        ['none',    75,        ['!=', 'ne'],        sub {     $_[0] ne $_[1]                  } ],
+        ['left',    70,        ['&&'],              undef                                       ],
+        ['right',   65,        ['||'],              undef                                       ],
+        ['none',    60,        ['..'],              sub {     $_[0] .. $_[1]                  } ],
         ['ternary', 55,        ['?', ':'],          undef                                       ],
         ['assign',  53,        ['+='],              sub {     $_[0] +  $_[1]                  } ],
         ['assign',  53,        ['-='],              sub {     $_[0] -  $_[1]                  } ],
@@ -241,8 +250,8 @@ BEGIN {
         ['assign',  53,        ['~=', '_='],        sub {     $_[0] .  $_[1]                  } ],
         ['assign',  52,        ['='],               undef                                       ],
         ['prefix',  50,        ['not', 'NOT'],      sub {   ! $_[0]                           } ],
-        ['infix',   45,        ['and', 'AND'],      undef                                       ],
-        ['infix',   40,        ['or', 'OR'],        undef                                       ],
+        ['left',    45,        ['and', 'AND'],      undef                                       ],
+        ['right',   40,        ['or', 'OR'],        undef                                       ],
         ['',         0,        ['hash'],            sub { return {@_};                        } ],
         ['',         0,        ['array'],           sub { return [@_]                         } ],
     ];
@@ -273,10 +282,12 @@ BEGIN {
     $QR_NUM       = '(?:\d*\.\d+ | \d+) (?: [eE][+-]\d+ )?';
     $QR_AQ_NOTDOT = "(?! \\s* $QR_COMMENTS \\.)";
     $QR_AQ_SPACE  = '(?: \\s+ | \$ | (?=[;+]) )'; # the + comes into play on filenames
-    $QR_PRIVATE   = qr/^_/;
+    $QR_PRIVATE   = qr/^[_.]/;
 
     $WHILE_MAX    = 1000;
     $EXTRA_COMPILE_EXT = '.sto';
+
+    eval {require Scalar::Util};
 };
 
 ###----------------------------------------------------------------###
@@ -649,7 +660,7 @@ sub parse_tree {
             } elsif ($func eq 'META') {
                 my $args = $self->parse_args(\$tag);
                 my $hash;
-                if (($hash = $self->get_variable($args->[-1]))
+                if (($hash = $self->play_expr($args->[-1]))
                     && UNIVERSAL::isa($hash, 'HASH')) {
                     unshift @meta, %$hash; # first defined win
                 }
@@ -668,7 +679,7 @@ sub parse_tree {
             }
 
         ### allow for bare variable getting and setting
-        } elsif (defined(my $var = $self->parse_variable(\$tag))) {
+        } elsif (defined(my $var = $self->parse_expr(\$tag))) {
             push @$pointer, $node;
             if ($tag =~ s{ ^ ($QR_OP_ASSIGN) >? \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox) {
                 $node->[0] = 'SET';
@@ -787,7 +798,7 @@ sub execute_tree {
 
 ###----------------------------------------------------------------###
 
-sub parse_variable {
+sub parse_expr {
     my $self    = shift;
     my $str_ref = shift;
     my $ARGS    = shift || {};
@@ -803,7 +814,7 @@ sub parse_variable {
         } elsif ($$str_ref =~ s{ ^ \$ (\w+ (?:\.\w+)*) \b \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox
                  || $$str_ref =~ s{ ^ \$\{ \s* ([^\}]+) \} \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox) {
             my $name = $1;
-            return $self->parse_variable(\$name);
+            return $self->parse_expr(\$name);
         }
     }
 
@@ -811,9 +822,9 @@ sub parse_variable {
 
     ### test for leading prefix operators
     my $has_prefix;
-    if ($copy =~ s{ ^ ($QR_OP_PREFIX) \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox) {
+    while ($copy =~ s{ ^ ($QR_OP_PREFIX) \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox) {
         return if $ARGS->{'auto_quote'}; # auto_quoted thing was too complicated
-        $has_prefix = $1;
+        push @{ $has_prefix }, $1;
     }
 
     my @var;
@@ -870,7 +881,7 @@ sub parse_variable {
                 next if $piece !~ m{ ^ \$ (\w+ (?:\.\w+)*) $ }x
                     && $piece !~ m{ ^ \$\{ \s* ([^\}]+) \} $ }x;
                 my $name = $1;
-                $piece = $self->parse_variable(\$name);
+                $piece = $self->parse_expr(\$name);
             }
             @pieces = grep {defined && length} @pieces;
             if (@pieces == 1 && ! ref $pieces[0]) {
@@ -894,13 +905,13 @@ sub parse_variable {
     } elsif ($copy =~ s{ ^ \$ (\w+) \b \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox
         || $copy =~ s{ ^ \$\{ \s* ([^\}]+) \} \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox) {
         my $name = $1;
-        push @var, $self->parse_variable(\$name);
+        push @var, $self->parse_expr(\$name);
 
     ### looks like an array constructor
     } elsif ($copy =~ s{ ^ \[ \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox) {
         local $self->{'_operator_precedence'} = 0; # reset presedence
         my $arrayref = ['array'];
-        while (defined(my $var = $self->parse_variable(\$copy))) {
+        while (defined(my $var = $self->parse_expr(\$copy))) {
             push @$arrayref, $var;
             $copy =~ s{ ^ , \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox;
         }
@@ -912,9 +923,9 @@ sub parse_variable {
     } elsif ($copy =~ s{ ^ \{ \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox) {
         local $self->{'_operator_precedence'} = 0; # reset precedence
         my $hashref = ['hash'];
-        while (defined(my $key = $self->parse_variable(\$copy, {auto_quote => qr{ ^ (\w+) $QR_AQ_NOTDOT }xo}))) {
+        while (defined(my $key = $self->parse_expr(\$copy, {auto_quote => qr{ ^ (\w+) $QR_AQ_NOTDOT }xo}))) {
             $copy =~ s{ ^ = >? \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox;
-            my $val = $self->parse_variable(\$copy);
+            my $val = $self->parse_expr(\$copy);
             push @$hashref, $key, $val;
             $copy =~ s{ ^ , \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox;
         }
@@ -925,7 +936,7 @@ sub parse_variable {
     ### looks like a paren grouper
     } elsif ($copy =~ s{ ^ \( \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox) {
         local $self->{'_operator_precedence'} = 0; # reset precedence
-        my $var = $self->parse_variable(\$copy, {allow_parened_ops => 1});
+        my $var = $self->parse_expr(\$copy, {allow_parened_ops => 1});
         $copy =~ s{ ^ \) \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox
             || $self->throw('parse.missing.paren', "Missing close \)", undef, length($$str_ref) - length($copy));
         @var = @$var;
@@ -957,7 +968,7 @@ sub parse_variable {
         if ($copy =~ s{ ^ \$(\w+) \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox
             || $copy =~ s{ ^ \$\{ \s* ([^\}]+)\} \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox) {
             my $name = $1;
-            my $var = $self->parse_variable(\$name);
+            my $var = $self->parse_expr(\$name);
             push @var, $var;
 
         ### allow for names
@@ -983,7 +994,7 @@ sub parse_variable {
 
     ### flatten literals and constants as much as possible
     my $var = ($is_literal && $#var == 1) ? ${ $var[0] }
-            : $is_namespace               ? $self->get_variable(\@var, {is_namespace_during_compile => 1})
+            : $is_namespace               ? $self->play_expr(\@var, {is_namespace_during_compile => 1})
             :                               \@var;
 
     ### allow for all "operators"
@@ -997,11 +1008,15 @@ sub parse_variable {
             }
 
             local $self->{'_operator_precedence'} = 1;
-            my $op   = $1;
-            my $var2 = $OP_POSTFIX->{$op} ? 1 : $self->parse_variable(\$copy); # cheat - give a "second value" to postfix ops
+            my $op = $1;
+
+            ### allow for postfix - doesn't check precedence - someday we might change - but not today (only affects post ++ and --)
+            if ($OP_POSTFIX->{$op}) {
+                $var = [\ [$op, $var, 1], 0]; # cheat - give a "second value" to postfix ops
+                next;
 
             ### allow for prefix operator precedence
-            if ($has_prefix && $OP->{$op}->[1] < $OP_PREFIX->{$has_prefix}->[1]) {
+            } elsif ($has_prefix && $OP->{$op}->[1] < $OP_PREFIX->{$has_prefix->[-1]}->[1]) {
                 if ($tree) {
                     if ($#$tree == 1) { # only one operator - keep simple things fast
                         $var = [\ [$tree->[0], $var, $tree->[1]], 0];
@@ -1012,13 +1027,14 @@ sub parse_variable {
                     undef $tree;
                     undef $found;
                 }
-                $var = [ \ [ $has_prefix, $var ], 0 ];
-                undef $has_prefix;
+                $var = [ \ [ $has_prefix->[-1], $var ], 0 ];
+                if (! @$has_prefix) { undef $has_prefix } else { pop @$has_prefix }
             }
 
             ### add the operator to the tree
+            my $var2 =  $self->parse_expr(\$copy);
             push (@{ $tree ||= [] }, $op, $var2);
-            $found->{$op} = $OP->{$op}->[1];
+            $found->{$OP->{$op}->[1]}->{$op} = 1; # found->{precedence}->{op}
         }
 
         ### if we found operators - tree the nodes by operator precedence
@@ -1034,7 +1050,7 @@ sub parse_variable {
 
     ### allow for prefix on non-chained variables
     if ($has_prefix) {
-        $var = [ \ [ $has_prefix, $var ], 0 ];
+        $var = [ \ [ $_, $var ], 0 ] for reverse @$has_prefix;
     }
 
     $$str_ref = $copy; # commit the changes
@@ -1048,26 +1064,26 @@ sub apply_precedence {
     my @var;
     my $trees;
     ### look at the operators we found in the order we found them
-    for my $op (sort {$found->{$a} <=> $found->{$b}} keys %$found) {
-        local $found->{$op};
-        delete $found->{$op};
-        my @trees;
-        my @ternary;
-
-        ### split the array on the current operator
-        for (my $i = 0; $i <= $#$tree; $i ++) {
-            my $is_ternary = $OP_TERNARY->{$op} && grep {$_ eq $tree->[$i]} @{ $OP->{$op}->[2] };
-            next if $tree->[$i] ne $op && ! $is_ternary;
-            push @trees, [splice @$tree, 0, $i, ()]; # everything up to the operator
-            push @ternary, $tree->[0] if $is_ternary;
-            shift @$tree; # pull off the operator
+    for my $prec (sort keys %$found) {
+        my $ops = $found->{$prec};
+        local $found->{$prec};
+        delete $found->{$prec};
+
+        ### split the array on the current operators for this level
+        my @ops;
+        my @exprs;
+        for (my $i = 1; $i <= $#$tree; $i += 2) {
+            next if ! $ops->{ $tree->[$i] };
+            push @ops, $tree->[$i];
+            push @exprs, [splice @$tree, 0, $i, ()];
+            shift @$tree;
             $i = -1;
         }
-        next if ! @trees; # this iteration didn't have the current operator
-        push @trees, $tree if scalar @$tree; # elements after last operator
+        next if ! @exprs; # this iteration didn't have the current operator
+        push @exprs, $tree if scalar @$tree; # add on any remaining items
 
-        ### now - for this level split on remaining operators, or add the variable to the tree
-        for my $node (@trees) {
+        ### simplify sub expressions
+        for my $node (@exprs) {
             if (@$node == 1) {
                 $node = $node->[0]; # single item - its not a tree
             } elsif (@$node == 3) {
@@ -1077,30 +1093,48 @@ sub apply_precedence {
             }
         }
 
-        ### return infix and assign
-        if (! $OP_TERNARY->{$op}) {
-            my $val = $trees[-1];
-            $val = [ \ [ $op, $trees[$_], $val ], 0 ] for reverse (0 .. $#trees - 1); # reverse order - helps out ||
-            return $val;
-        }
+        ### assemble this current level
 
-        ### return simple ternary
-        if (@ternary == 2) {
-            return [ \ [ $op, @trees ], 0 ];
-        }
+        ### some rules:
+        # 1) items at the same precedence level must all be either right or left or ternary associative
+        # 2) ternary items cannot share precedence with anybody else.
+        # 3) there really shouldn't be another operator at the same level as a postfix
+        my $type = $OP->{$ops[0]}->[0];
 
-        ### reorder complex ternary - rare case
-        while ($#ternary >= 1) {
-            ### if we look starting from the back - the first lead ternary op will always be next to its matching op
-            for (my $i = $#ternary; $i >= 0; $i --) {
-                next if $OP->{$ternary[$i]}->[2]->[1] eq $ternary[$i];
-                my ($op, $op2) = splice @ternary, $i, 2, (); # remove the pair of operators
-                my $node = [ \ [$op, @trees[$i .. $i + 2] ], 0 ];
-                splice @trees, $i, 3, $node;
+        if ($type eq 'ternary') {
+            my $op = $OP->{$ops[0]}->[2]->[0]; # use the first op as what we are using
+
+            ### return simple ternary
+            if (@exprs == 3) {
+                $self->throw('parse', "Ternary operator mismatch") if $ops[0] ne $op;
+                $self->throw('parse', "Ternary operator mismatch") if ! $ops[1] || $ops[1] eq $op;
+                return [ \ [ $op, @exprs ], 0 ];
             }
-        }
-        return $trees[0]; # at this point the ternary has been reduced to a single operator
 
+
+            ### reorder complex ternary - rare case
+            while ($#ops >= 1) {
+                ### if we look starting from the back - the first lead ternary op will always be next to its matching op
+                for (my $i = $#ops; $i >= 0; $i --) {
+                    next if $OP->{$ops[$i]}->[2]->[1] eq $ops[$i];
+                    my ($op, $op2) = splice @ops, $i, 2, (); # remove the pair of operators
+                    my $node = [ \ [$op, @exprs[$i .. $i + 2] ], 0 ];
+                    splice @exprs, $i, 3, $node;
+                }
+            }
+            return $exprs[0]; # at this point the ternary has been reduced to a single operator
+
+        } elsif ($type eq 'right' || $type eq 'assign') {
+            my $val = $exprs[-1];
+            $val = [ \ [ $ops[$_ - 1], $exprs[$_], $val ], 0 ] for reverse (0 .. $#exprs - 1);
+            return $val;
+
+        } else {
+            my $val = $exprs[0];
+            $val = [ \ [ $ops[$_ - 1], $val, $exprs[$_] ], 0 ] for (1 .. $#exprs);
+            return $val;
+
+        }
     }
 
     $self->throw('parse', "Couldn't apply precedence");
@@ -1117,14 +1151,14 @@ sub parse_args {
     my @named;
     while (length $$str_ref) {
         my $copy = $$str_ref;
-        if (defined(my $name = $self->parse_variable(\$copy, {auto_quote => qr{ ^ (\w+) $QR_AQ_NOTDOT }xo}))
+        if (defined(my $name = $self->parse_expr(\$copy, {auto_quote => qr{ ^ (\w+) $QR_AQ_NOTDOT }xo}))
             && $copy =~ s{ ^ = >? \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox) {
             $self->throw('parse', 'Named arguments not allowed') if $ARGS->{'positional_only'};
-            my $val = $self->parse_variable(\$copy);
+            my $val = $self->parse_expr(\$copy);
             $copy =~ s{ ^ , \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox;
             push @named, $name, $val;
             $$str_ref = $copy;
-        } elsif (defined(my $arg = $self->parse_variable($str_ref))) {
+        } elsif (defined(my $arg = $self->parse_expr($str_ref))) {
             push @args, $arg;
             $$str_ref =~ s{ ^ , \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox;
         } else {
@@ -1161,7 +1195,7 @@ sub interpolate_node {
         } elsif ($piece =~ m{ ^ \$ (\w+ (?:\.\w+)*) $ }x
                  || $piece =~ m{ ^ \$\{ \s* ([^\}]+) \} $ }x) {
             my $name = $1;
-            push @sub_tree, ['GET', $offset - length($piece), $offset, $self->parse_variable(\$name)];
+            push @sub_tree, ['GET', $offset - length($piece), $offset, $self->parse_expr(\$name)];
         } else {
             $self->throw('parse', "Parse error during interpolate node");
         }
@@ -1173,7 +1207,7 @@ sub interpolate_node {
 
 ###----------------------------------------------------------------###
 
-sub get_variable {
+sub play_expr {
     ### allow for the parse tree to store literals
     return $_[1] if ! ref $_[1];
 
@@ -1186,7 +1220,7 @@ sub get_variable {
     my $ref;
     my $name = $var->[$i++];
     my $args = $var->[$i++];
-    warn "get_variable: begin \"$name\"\n" if trace;
+    warn "play_expr: begin \"$name\"\n" if trace;
     if (ref $name) {
         if (ref $name eq 'SCALAR') { # a scalar literal
             $ref = $$name;
@@ -1194,7 +1228,7 @@ sub get_variable {
             return $self->play_operator($$name) if ${ $name }->[0] eq '..';
             $ref = $self->play_operator($$name);
         } else { # a named variable access (ie via $name.foo)
-            $name = $self->get_variable($name);
+            $name = $self->play_expr($name);
             if (defined $name) {
                 return if $name =~ $QR_PRIVATE; # don't allow vars that begin with _
                 $ref = $self->{'_vars'}->{$name};
@@ -1216,7 +1250,7 @@ sub get_variable {
 
         ### check at each point if the rurned thing was a code
         if (UNIVERSAL::isa($ref, 'CODE')) {
-            my @results = $ref->($args ? map { $self->get_variable($_) } @$args : ());
+            my @results = $ref->($args ? map { $self->play_expr($_) } @$args : ());
             if (defined $results[0]) {
                 $ref = ($#results > 0) ? \@results : $results[0];
             } elsif (defined $results[1]) {
@@ -1232,12 +1266,12 @@ sub get_variable {
         my $was_dot_call = $ARGS->{'no_dots'} ? 1 : $var->[$i++] eq '.';
         $name            = $var->[$i++];
         $args            = $var->[$i++];
-        warn "get_variable: nested \"$name\"\n" if trace;
+        warn "play_expr: nested \"$name\"\n" if trace;
 
         ### allow for named portions of a variable name (foo.$name.bar)
         if (ref $name) {
             if (ref($name) eq 'ARRAY') {
-                $name = $self->get_variable($name);
+                $name = $self->play_expr($name);
                 if (! defined($name) || $name =~ $QR_PRIVATE || $name =~ /^\./) {
                     $ref = undef;
                     last;
@@ -1254,10 +1288,10 @@ sub get_variable {
         ### allow for scalar and filter access (this happens for every non virtual method call)
         if (! ref $ref) {
             if ($SCALAR_OPS->{$name}) {                        # normal scalar op
-                $ref = $SCALAR_OPS->{$name}->($ref, $args ? map { $self->get_variable($_) } @$args : ());
+                $ref = $SCALAR_OPS->{$name}->($ref, $args ? map { $self->play_expr($_) } @$args : ());
 
             } elsif ($LIST_OPS->{$name}) {                     # auto-promote to list and use list op
-                $ref = $LIST_OPS->{$name}->([$ref], $args ? map { $self->get_variable($_) } @$args : ());
+                $ref = $LIST_OPS->{$name}->([$ref], $args ? map { $self->play_expr($_) } @$args : ());
 
             } elsif (my $filter = $self->{'FILTERS'}->{$name}    # filter configured in Template args
                      || $FILTER_OPS->{$name}                     # predefined filters in CET
@@ -1277,7 +1311,7 @@ sub get_variable {
                     eval {
                         my $sub = $filter->[0];
                         if ($filter->[1]) { # it is a "dynamic filter" that will return a sub
-                            ($sub, my $err) = $sub->($self->context, $args ? map { $self->get_variable($_) } @$args : ());
+                            ($sub, my $err) = $sub->($self->context, $args ? map { $self->play_expr($_) } @$args : ());
                             if (! $sub && $err) {
                                 $self->throw('filter', $err) if ref($err) !~ /Template::Exception$/;
                                 die $err;
@@ -1310,7 +1344,7 @@ sub get_variable {
 
             ### method calls on objects
             if ($was_dot_call && UNIVERSAL::can($ref, 'can')) {
-                my @args = $args ? map { $self->get_variable($_) } @$args : ();
+                my @args = $args ? map { $self->play_expr($_) } @$args : ();
                 my @results = eval { $ref->$name(@args) };
                 if ($@) {
                     my $class = ref $ref;
@@ -1332,7 +1366,7 @@ sub get_variable {
                 if ($was_dot_call && exists($ref->{$name}) ) {
                     $ref = $ref->{$name};
                 } elsif ($HASH_OPS->{$name}) {
-                    $ref = $HASH_OPS->{$name}->($ref, $args ? map { $self->get_variable($_) } @$args : ());
+                    $ref = $HASH_OPS->{$name}->($ref, $args ? map { $self->play_expr($_) } @$args : ());
                 } elsif ($ARGS->{'is_namespace_during_compile'}) {
                     return $var; # abort - can't fold namespace variable
                 } else {
@@ -1344,7 +1378,7 @@ sub get_variable {
                 if ($name =~ m{ ^ -? $QR_NUM $ }ox) {
                     $ref = $ref->[$name];
                 } elsif ($LIST_OPS->{$name}) {
-                    $ref = $LIST_OPS->{$name}->($ref, $args ? map { $self->get_variable($_) } @$args : ());
+                    $ref = $LIST_OPS->{$name}->($ref, $args ? map { $self->play_expr($_) } @$args : ());
                 } else {
                     $ref = undef;
                 }
@@ -1357,7 +1391,7 @@ sub get_variable {
     if (! defined $ref) {
         if ($self->{'_debug_undef'}) {
             my $chunk = $var->[$i - 2];
-            $chunk = $self->get_variable($chunk) if ref($chunk) eq 'ARRAY';
+            $chunk = $self->play_expr($chunk) if ref($chunk) eq 'ARRAY';
             die "$chunk is undefined\n";
         } else {
             $ref = $self->undefined_any($var);
@@ -1380,7 +1414,7 @@ sub set_variable {
     my $args = $var->[$i++];
     if (ref $ref) {
         if (ref($ref) eq 'ARRAY') { # named access (ie via $name.foo)
-            $ref = $self->get_variable($ref);
+            $ref = $self->play_expr($ref);
             if (defined $ref && $ref !~ $QR_PRIVATE) { # don't allow vars that begin with _
                 if ($#$var <= $i) {
                     return $self->{'_vars'}->{$ref} = $val;
@@ -1406,7 +1440,7 @@ sub set_variable {
 
         ### check at each point if the returned thing was a code
         if (UNIVERSAL::isa($ref, 'CODE')) {
-            my @results = $ref->($args ? map { $self->get_variable($_) } @$args : ());
+            my @results = $ref->($args ? map { $self->play_expr($_) } @$args : ());
             if (defined $results[0]) {
                 $ref = ($#results > 0) ? \@results : $results[0];
             } elsif (defined $results[1]) {
@@ -1425,7 +1459,7 @@ sub set_variable {
         ### allow for named portions of a variable name (foo.$name.bar)
         if (ref $name) {
             if (ref($name) eq 'ARRAY') {
-                $name = $self->get_variable($name);
+                $name = $self->play_expr($name);
                 if (! defined($name) || $name =~ /^[_.]/) {
                     return;
                 }
@@ -1444,7 +1478,7 @@ sub set_variable {
         ### method calls on objects
         } elsif (UNIVERSAL::can($ref, 'can')) {
             my $lvalueish;
-            my @args = $args ? map { $self->get_variable($_) } @$args : ();
+            my @args = $args ? map { $self->play_expr($_) } @$args : ();
             if ($i >= $#$var) {
                 $lvalueish = 1;
                 push @args, $val;
@@ -1504,11 +1538,11 @@ sub play_operator {
     if ($OP_DISPATCH->{$tree->[0]}) {
         local $^W;
         if ($OP_ASSIGN->{$tree->[0]}) {
-            my $val = $OP_DISPATCH->{$tree->[0]}->( $self->get_variable($tree->[1]), $self->get_variable($tree->[2]) );
+            my $val = $OP_DISPATCH->{$tree->[0]}->( $self->play_expr($tree->[1]), $self->play_expr($tree->[2]) );
             $self->set_variable($tree->[1], $val);
             return $val;
         } else {
-            return $OP_DISPATCH->{$tree->[0]}->( map { $self->get_variable($tree->[$_]) } 1 .. $#$tree );
+            return $OP_DISPATCH->{$tree->[0]}->( map { $self->play_expr($tree->[$_]) } 1 .. $#$tree );
         }
     }
 
@@ -1516,30 +1550,30 @@ sub play_operator {
 
     ### do custom and short-circuitable operators
     if ($op eq '=') {
-        my $val = $self->get_variable($tree->[2]);
+        my $val = $self->play_expr($tree->[2]);
         $self->set_variable($tree->[1], $val);
         return $val;
 
    } elsif ($op eq '||' || $op eq 'or' || $op eq 'OR') {
-        return $self->get_variable($tree->[1]) || $self->get_variable($tree->[2]) || '';
+        return $self->play_expr($tree->[1]) || $self->play_expr($tree->[2]) || '';
 
     } elsif ($op eq '&&' || $op eq 'and' || $op eq 'AND') {
-        my $var = $self->get_variable($tree->[1]) && $self->get_variable($tree->[2]);
+        my $var = $self->play_expr($tree->[1]) && $self->play_expr($tree->[2]);
         return $var ? $var : 0;
 
     } elsif ($op eq '?') {
         local $^W;
-        return $self->get_variable($tree->[1]) ? $self->get_variable($tree->[2]) : $self->get_variable($tree->[3]);
+        return $self->play_expr($tree->[1]) ? $self->play_expr($tree->[2]) : $self->play_expr($tree->[3]);
 
     } elsif ($op eq '++') {
         local $^W;
-        my $val = 0 + $self->get_variable($tree->[1]);
+        my $val = 0 + $self->play_expr($tree->[1]);
         $self->set_variable($tree->[1], $val + 1);
         return $tree->[2] ? $val : $val + 1; # ->[2] is set to 1 during parsing of postfix ops
 
     } elsif ($op eq '--') {
         local $^W;
-        my $val = 0 + $self->get_variable($tree->[1]);
+        my $val = 0 + $self->play_expr($tree->[1]);
         $self->set_variable($tree->[1], $val - 1);
         return $tree->[2] ? $val : $val - 1; # ->[2] is set to 1 during parsing of postfix ops
     }
@@ -1585,12 +1619,12 @@ sub play_CALL { $DIRECTIVES->{'GET'}->[1]->(@_); return }
 sub parse_CASE {
     my ($self, $tag_ref) = @_;
     return if $$tag_ref =~ s{ ^ DEFAULT \s* }{}x;
-    return $self->parse_variable($tag_ref);
+    return $self->parse_expr($tag_ref);
 }
 
 sub parse_CATCH {
     my ($self, $tag_ref) = @_;
-    return $self->parse_variable($tag_ref, {auto_quote => qr{ ^ (\w+ (?: \.\w+)*) $QR_AQ_SPACE }xo});
+    return $self->parse_expr($tag_ref, {auto_quote => qr{ ^ (\w+ (?: \.\w+)*) $QR_AQ_SPACE }xo});
 }
 
 sub play_control {
@@ -1632,9 +1666,9 @@ sub play_DEFAULT {
     foreach (@$set) {
         my ($op, $set, $default) = @$_;
         next if ! defined $set;
-        my $val = $self->get_variable($set);
+        my $val = $self->play_expr($set);
         if (! $val) {
-            $default = defined($default) ? $self->get_variable($default) : '';
+            $default = defined($default) ? $self->play_expr($default) : '';
             $self->set_variable($set, $default);
         }
     }
@@ -1643,18 +1677,19 @@ sub play_DEFAULT {
 
 sub parse_DUMP {
     my ($self, $tag_ref) = @_;
-    my $ref = $self->parse_variable($tag_ref);
+    my $ref = $self->parse_expr($tag_ref);
     return $ref;
 }
 
 sub play_DUMP {
     my ($self, $ident, $node) = @_;
     require Data::Dumper;
+    local $Data::Dumper::Sortkeys  = 1;
     my $info = $self->node_info($node);
     my $out;
     my $var;
     if ($ident) {
-        $out = Data::Dumper::Dumper($self->get_variable($ident));
+        $out = Data::Dumper::Dumper($self->play_expr($ident));
         $var = $info->{'text'};
         $var =~ s/^[+\-~=]?\s*DUMP\s+//;
         $var =~ s/\s*[+\-~=]?$//;
@@ -1684,7 +1719,7 @@ sub parse_FILTER {
         $name = $1;
     }
 
-    my $filter = $self->parse_variable($tag_ref);
+    my $filter = $self->parse_expr($tag_ref);
     $filter = '' if ! defined $filter;
 
     return [$name, $filter];
@@ -1713,11 +1748,11 @@ sub play_FILTER {
 
 sub parse_FOREACH {
     my ($self, $tag_ref) = @_;
-    my $items = $self->parse_variable($tag_ref);
+    my $items = $self->parse_expr($tag_ref);
     my $var;
     if ($$tag_ref =~ s{ ^ (= | [Ii][Nn]\b) \s* }{}x) {
         $var = [@$items];
-        $items = $self->parse_variable($tag_ref);
+        $items = $self->parse_expr($tag_ref);
     }
     return [$var, $items];
 }
@@ -1728,7 +1763,7 @@ sub play_FOREACH {
     ### get the items - make sure it is an arrayref
     my ($var, $items) = @$ref;
 
-    $items = $self->get_variable($items);
+    $items = $self->play_expr($items);
     return '' if ! defined $items;
 
     if (ref($items) !~ /Iterator$/) {
@@ -1801,26 +1836,26 @@ sub play_FOREACH {
 
 sub parse_GET {
     my ($self, $tag_ref) = @_;
-    my $ref = $self->parse_variable($tag_ref);
+    my $ref = $self->parse_expr($tag_ref);
     $self->throw('parse', "Missing variable name") if ! defined $ref;
     return $ref;
 }
 
 sub play_GET {
     my ($self, $ident, $node) = @_;
-    my $var = $self->get_variable($ident);
+    my $var = $self->play_expr($ident);
     return (! defined $var) ? $self->undefined_get($ident, $node) : $var;
 }
 
 sub parse_IF {
     my ($self, $tag_ref) = @_;
-    return $self->parse_variable($tag_ref);
+    return $self->parse_expr($tag_ref);
 }
 
 sub play_IF {
     my ($self, $var, $node, $out_ref) = @_;
 
-    my $val = $self->get_variable($var);
+    my $val = $self->play_expr($var);
     if ($val) {
         my $body_ref = $node->[4] ||= [];
         $self->execute_tree($body_ref, $out_ref);
@@ -1834,7 +1869,7 @@ sub play_IF {
             return;
         }
         my $var = $node->[3];
-        my $val = $self->get_variable($var);
+        my $val = $self->play_expr($var);
         if ($val) {
             my $body_ref = $node->[4] ||= [];
             $self->execute_tree($body_ref, $out_ref);
@@ -1869,7 +1904,7 @@ sub play_INSERT {
     my ($names, $args) = @$var;
 
     foreach my $name (@$names) {
-        my $filename = $self->get_variable($name);
+        my $filename = $self->play_expr($name);
         $$out_ref .= $self->_insert($filename);
     }
 
@@ -1880,7 +1915,7 @@ sub parse_MACRO {
     my ($self, $tag_ref, $node) = @_;
     my $copy = $$tag_ref;
 
-    my $name = $self->parse_variable(\$copy, {auto_quote => qr{ ^ (\w+) $QR_AQ_NOTDOT }xo});
+    my $name = $self->parse_expr(\$copy, {auto_quote => qr{ ^ (\w+) $QR_AQ_NOTDOT }xo});
     $self->throw('parse', "Missing macro name") if ! defined $name;
     if (! ref $name) {
         $name = [ $name, 0 ];
@@ -1910,7 +1945,8 @@ sub play_MACRO {
         $sub_tree = $sub_tree->[0]->[4];
     }
 
-    my $self_copy = $self->weak_copy;
+    my $self_copy = $self;
+    eval {require Scalar::Util; Scalar::Util::weaken($self_copy)};
 
     ### install a closure in the stash that will handle the macro
     $self->set_variable($name, sub {
@@ -1998,7 +2034,7 @@ sub play_PERL {
 sub parse_PROCESS {
     my ($self, $tag_ref) = @_;
     my $info = [[], []];
-    while (defined(my $filename = $self->parse_variable($tag_ref, {
+    while (defined(my $filename = $self->parse_expr($tag_ref, {
                        auto_quote => qr{ ^ ($QR_FILENAME | \w+ (?: :\w+)* ) $QR_AQ_SPACE }xo,
                    }))) {
         push @{$info->[0]}, $filename;
@@ -2009,13 +2045,13 @@ sub parse_PROCESS {
     while (length $$tag_ref) {
         last if $$tag_ref =~ / ^ (\w+) (?: ;|$|\s)/x && $DIRECTIVES->{$1}; ### looks like a directive - we are done
 
-        my $var = $self->parse_variable($tag_ref);
+        my $var = $self->parse_expr($tag_ref);
         last if ! defined $var;
         if ($$tag_ref !~ s{ ^ = >? \s* }{}x) {
             $self->throw('parse.missing.equals', 'Missing equals while parsing args');
         }
 
-        my $val = $self->parse_variable($tag_ref);
+        my $val = $self->parse_expr($tag_ref);
         push @{$info->[1]}, [$var, $val];
         $$tag_ref =~ s{ ^ , \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox if $val;
     }
@@ -2031,7 +2067,7 @@ sub play_PROCESS {
     ### set passed args
     foreach (@$args) {
         my ($key, $val) = @$_;
-        $val = $self->get_variable($val);
+        $val = $self->play_expr($val);
         if (ref($key) && @$key == 2 && $key->[0] eq 'import' && UNIVERSAL::isa($val, 'HASH')) { # import ?! - whatever
             foreach my $key (keys %$val) {
                 $self->set_variable([$key,0], $val->{$key});
@@ -2044,7 +2080,7 @@ sub play_PROCESS {
     ### iterate on any passed block or filename
     foreach my $ref (@$files) {
         next if ! defined $ref;
-        my $filename = $self->get_variable($ref);
+        my $filename = $self->play_expr($ref);
         my $out = ''; # have temp item to allow clear to correctly clear
 
         ### normal blocks or filenames
@@ -2131,12 +2167,12 @@ sub parse_SET {
             my $val = $node->[4] ||= []; # setup storage
             return [[$initial_op, $initial_var, $val]];
         } else { # get a normal variable
-            return [[$initial_op, $initial_var, $self->parse_variable($tag_ref)]];
+            return [[$initial_op, $initial_var, $self->parse_expr($tag_ref)]];
         }
     }
 
     while (length $$tag_ref) {
-        my $set = $self->parse_variable($tag_ref);
+        my $set = $self->parse_expr($tag_ref);
         last if ! defined $set;
 
         if ($$tag_ref =~ s{ ^ ($QR_OP_ASSIGN) >? \s* }{}x) {
@@ -2148,7 +2184,7 @@ sub parse_SET {
                 push @SET, [$op, $set, $val];
                 last;
             } else { # get a normal variable
-                push @SET, [$op, $set, $self->parse_variable($tag_ref)];
+                push @SET, [$op, $set, $self->parse_expr($tag_ref)];
             }
         } else {
             push @SET, ['=', $set, undef];
@@ -2169,12 +2205,12 @@ sub play_SET {
             $val = '';
             $self->execute_tree($sub_tree, \$val);
         } else { # normal var
-            $val = $self->get_variable($val);
+            $val = $self->play_expr($val);
         }
 
         if ($OP_DISPATCH->{$op}) {
             local $^W;
-            $val = $OP_DISPATCH->{$op}->($self->get_variable($set), $val);
+            $val = $OP_DISPATCH->{$op}->($self->play_expr($set), $val);
         }
 
         $self->set_variable($set, $val);
@@ -2187,7 +2223,7 @@ sub parse_SWITCH { $DIRECTIVES->{'GET'}->[0]->(@_) }
 sub play_SWITCH {
     my ($self, $var, $node, $out_ref) = @_;
 
-    my $val = $self->get_variable($var);
+    my $val = $self->play_expr($var);
     $val = '' if ! defined $val;
     ### $node->[4] is thrown away
 
@@ -2199,7 +2235,7 @@ sub play_SWITCH {
             next;
         }
 
-        my $val2 = $self->get_variable($var);
+        my $val2 = $self->play_expr($var);
         $val2 = [$val2] if ! UNIVERSAL::isa($val2, 'ARRAY');
         for my $test (@$val2) { # find matching values
             next if ! defined $val && defined $test;
@@ -2225,7 +2261,7 @@ sub play_SWITCH {
 
 sub parse_THROW {
     my ($self, $tag_ref, $node) = @_;
-    my $name = $self->parse_variable($tag_ref, {auto_quote => qr{ ^ (\w+ (?: \.\w+)*) $QR_AQ_SPACE }xo});
+    my $name = $self->parse_expr($tag_ref, {auto_quote => qr{ ^ (\w+ (?: \.\w+)*) $QR_AQ_SPACE }xo});
     $self->throw('parse.missing', "Missing name in THROW", $node) if ! $name;
     my $args = $self->parse_args($tag_ref);
     return [$name, $args];
@@ -2234,8 +2270,8 @@ sub parse_THROW {
 sub play_THROW {
     my ($self, $ref, $node) = @_;
     my ($name, $args) = @$ref;
-    $name = $self->get_variable($name);
-    my @args = $args ? map { $self->get_variable($_) } @$args : ();
+    $name = $self->play_expr($name);
+    my @args = $args ? map { $self->play_expr($_) } @$args : ();
     $self->throw($name, \@args, $node);
 }
 
@@ -2273,7 +2309,7 @@ sub play_TRY {
             next;
         }
         next if ! $err;
-        my $name = $self->get_variable($node->[3]);
+        my $name = $self->play_expr($node->[3]);
         $name = '' if ! defined $name || lc($name) eq 'default';
         if ($type =~ / ^ \Q$name\E \b /x
             && (! defined($last_found) || length($last_found) < length($name))) { # more specific wins
@@ -2317,14 +2353,14 @@ sub parse_USE {
 
     my $var;
     my $copy = $$tag_ref;
-    if (defined(my $_var = $self->parse_variable(\$copy, {auto_quote => qr{ ^ (\w+) $QR_AQ_NOTDOT }xo}))
+    if (defined(my $_var = $self->parse_expr(\$copy, {auto_quote => qr{ ^ (\w+) $QR_AQ_NOTDOT }xo}))
         && $copy =~ s{ ^ = >? \s* $QR_COMMENTS }{}ox) {
         $var = $_var;
         $$tag_ref = $copy;
     }
 
     $copy = $$tag_ref;
-    my $module = $self->parse_variable(\$copy, {auto_quote => qr{ ^ (\w+ (?: (?:\.|::) \w+)*) $QR_AQ_NOTDOT }xo});
+    my $module = $self->parse_expr(\$copy, {auto_quote => qr{ ^ (\w+ (?: (?:\.|::) \w+)*) $QR_AQ_NOTDOT }xo});
     $self->throw('parse', "Missing plugin name while parsing $$tag_ref") if ! defined $module;
     $module =~ s/\./::/g;
 
@@ -2350,38 +2386,41 @@ sub play_USE {
     pop @var; # remove the trailing '.'
 
     ### look for a plugin_base
-    my $base = $self->{'PLUGIN_BASE'} || 'Template::Plugin'; # I'm not maintaining plugins - leave that to TT
-    my $package = $self->{'PLUGINS'}->{$module} ? $self->{'PLUGINS'}->{$module}
-       : $self->{'PLUGIN_FACTORY'}->{$module} ? $self->{'PLUGIN_FACTORY'}->{$module}
-       : "${base}::${module}";
-    my $require = "$package.pm";
-    $require =~ s|::|/|g;
-
-    ### try and load the module - fall back to bare module if allowed
+    my $BASE = $self->{'PLUGIN_BASE'} || 'Template::Plugin'; # I'm not maintaining plugins - leave that to TT
     my $obj;
-    if ($self->{'PLUGIN_FACTORY'}->{$module} || eval {require $require}) {
-        my $shape   = $package->load;
-        my $context = $self->context;
-        my @args    = $args ? map { $self->get_variable($_) } @$args : ();
-        $obj = $shape->new($context, @args);
-    } elsif (lc($module) eq 'iterator') { # use our iterator if none found (TT's works just fine)
-        $obj = $PACKAGE_ITERATOR->new($args ? $self->get_variable($args->[0]) : []);
-    } elsif (my @packages = grep {lc($package) eq lc($_)} @{ $self->list_plugins({base => $base}) }) {
-        foreach my $package (@packages) {
-            my $require = "$package.pm";
-            $require =~ s|::|/|g;
-            eval {require $require} || next;
+
+    foreach my $base (ref($BASE) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$BASE : $BASE) {
+        my $package = $self->{'PLUGINS'}->{$module} ? $self->{'PLUGINS'}->{$module}
+        : $self->{'PLUGIN_FACTORY'}->{$module} ? $self->{'PLUGIN_FACTORY'}->{$module}
+        : "${base}::${module}";
+        my $require = "$package.pm";
+        $require =~ s|::|/|g;
+
+        ### try and load the module - fall back to bare module if allowed
+        if ($self->{'PLUGIN_FACTORY'}->{$module} || eval {require $require}) {
             my $shape   = $package->load;
             my $context = $self->context;
-            my @args    = $args ? map { $self->get_variable($_) } @$args : ();
+            my @args    = $args ? map { $self->play_expr($_) } @$args : ();
             $obj = $shape->new($context, @args);
-        }
-    } elsif ($self->{'LOAD_PERL'}) {
-        my $require = "$module.pm";
-        $require =~ s|::|/|g;
-        if (eval {require $require}) {
-            my @args = $args ? map { $self->get_variable($_) } @$args : ();
-            $obj = $module->new(@args);
+        } elsif (lc($module) eq 'iterator') { # use our iterator if none found (TT's works just fine)
+            $obj = $PACKAGE_ITERATOR->new($args ? $self->play_expr($args->[0]) : []);
+        } elsif (my @packages = grep {lc($package) eq lc($_)} @{ $self->list_plugins({base => $base}) }) {
+            foreach my $package (@packages) {
+                my $require = "$package.pm";
+                $require =~ s|::|/|g;
+                eval {require $require} || next;
+                my $shape   = $package->load;
+                my $context = $self->context;
+                my @args    = $args ? map { $self->play_expr($_) } @$args : ();
+                $obj = $shape->new($context, @args);
+            }
+        } elsif ($self->{'LOAD_PERL'}) {
+            my $require = "$module.pm";
+            $require =~ s|::|/|g;
+            if (eval {require $require}) {
+                my @args = $args ? map { $self->play_expr($_) } @$args : ();
+                $obj = $module->new(@args);
+            }
         }
     }
     if (! defined $obj) {
@@ -2405,7 +2444,7 @@ sub play_WHILE {
     my $count = $WHILE_MAX;
     while (--$count > 0) {
 
-        $self->get_variable($var) || last;
+        $self->play_expr($var) || last;
 
         ### execute the sub tree
         eval { $self->execute_tree($sub_tree, $out_ref) };
@@ -2752,20 +2791,6 @@ sub list_plugins {
     };
 }
 
-### get a copy of self without circular refs for use in closures
-sub weak_copy {
-    my $self = shift;
-    my $self_copy;
-    if (eval { require Scalar::Util }
-        && defined &Scalar::Util::weaken) {
-        $self_copy = $self;
-        Scalar::Util::weaken($self_copy);
-    } else {
-        $self_copy = bless {%$self}, ref($self); # hackish way to avoid circular refs on old perls (pre 5.8)
-    }
-    return $self_copy;
-}
-
 sub debug_node {
     my ($self, $node) = @_;
     my $info = $self->node_info($node);
@@ -2833,26 +2858,30 @@ sub define_vmethod {
 }
 
 sub vmethod_as_scalar {
-    my ($str, $pat) = @_;
-    $pat = '%s' if ! defined $pat;
+    my $str = shift; $str = ''   if ! defined $str;
+    my $pat = shift; $pat = '%s' if ! defined $pat;
     local $^W;
-    return sprintf $pat, $str;
+    return @_ ? sprintf($pat, $_[0], $str)
+              : sprintf($pat, $str);
 }
 
 sub vmethod_as_list {
-    my ($ref, $pat, $sep) = @_;
-    $pat = '%s' if ! defined $pat;
-    $sep = ' '  if ! defined $sep;
+    my $ref = shift || return '';
+    my $pat = shift; $pat = '%s' if ! defined $pat;
+    my $sep = shift; $sep = ' '  if ! defined $sep;
     local $^W;
-    return join($sep, map {sprintf $pat, $_} @$ref);
+    return @_ ? join($sep, map {sprintf $pat, $_[0], $_} @$ref)
+              : join($sep, map {sprintf $pat, $_} @$ref);
 }
 
 sub vmethod_as_hash {
-    my ($ref, $pat, $sep) = @_;
-    $pat = "%s\t%s" if ! defined $pat;
-    $sep = "\n"  if ! defined $sep;
+    my $ref = shift || return '';
+    my $pat = shift; $pat = "%s\t%s" if ! defined $pat;
+    my $sep = shift; $sep = "\n"     if ! defined $sep;
     local $^W;
-    return join($sep, map {sprintf $pat, $_, $ref->{$_}} sort keys %$ref);
+    return ! @_    ? join($sep, map {sprintf $pat, $_, $ref->{$_}} sort keys %$ref)
+         : @_ == 1 ? join($sep, map {sprintf $pat, $_[0], $_, $ref->{$_}} sort keys %$ref) # don't get to pick - it applies to the key
+         :           join($sep, map {sprintf $pat, $_[0], $_, $_[1], $ref->{$_}} sort keys %$ref);
 }
 
 sub vmethod_chunk {
@@ -2880,14 +2909,25 @@ sub vmethod_indent {
 sub vmethod_format {
     my $str = shift; $str = ''   if ! defined $str;
     my $pat = shift; $pat = '%s' if ! defined $pat;
-    return join "\n", map{ sprintf $pat, $_ } split(/\n/, $str);
+    if (@_) {
+        return join "\n", map{ sprintf $pat, $_[0], $_ } split(/\n/, $str);
+    } else {
+        return join "\n", map{ sprintf $pat, $_ } split(/\n/, $str);
+    }
+}
+
+sub vmethod_list_hash {
+    my ($hash, $what) = @_;
+    $what = 'pairs' if ! $what || $what !~ /^(keys|values|each|pairs)$/;
+    return $HASH_OPS->{$what}->($hash);
 }
 
+
 sub vmethod_match {
     my ($str, $pat, $global) = @_;
     return [] if ! defined $str || ! defined $pat;
     my @res = $global ? ($str =~ /$pat/g) : ($str =~ /$pat/);
-    return (@res >= 2) ? \@res : (@res == 1) ? $res[0] : '';
+    return @res ? \@res : '';
 }
 
 sub vmethod_nsort {
@@ -2901,7 +2941,7 @@ sub vmethod_nsort {
 
 sub vmethod_repeat {
     my ($str, $n, $join) = @_;
-    return if ! length $str;
+    return '' if ! defined $str || ! length $str;
     $n = 1 if ! defined($n) || ! length $n;
     $join = '' if ! defined $join;
     return join $join, ($str) x $n;
@@ -2946,15 +2986,27 @@ sub vmethod_splice {
     @replace = @{ $replace[0] } if @replace == 1 && ref $replace[0] eq 'ARRAY';
     if (defined $len) {
         return [splice @$ref, $i || 0, $len, @replace];
+    } elsif (defined $i) {
+        return [splice @$ref, $i];
     } else {
-        return [splice @$ref, $i || 0];
+        return [splice @$ref];
     }
 }
 
 sub vmethod_split {
-    my ($str, $pat, @args) = @_;
+    my ($str, $pat, $lim) = @_;
     $str = '' if ! defined $str;
-    return defined $pat ? [split $pat, $str, @args] : [split ' ', $str, @args];
+    if (defined $lim) { return defined $pat ? [split $pat, $str, $lim] : [split ' ', $str, $lim] }
+    else              { return defined $pat ? [split $pat, $str      ] : [split ' ', $str      ] }
+}
+
+sub vmethod_substr {
+    my ($str, $i, $len, $replace) = @_;
+    $i ||= 0;
+    return substr($str, $i)       if ! defined $len;
+    return substr($str, $i, $len) if ! defined $replace;
+    substr($str, $i, $len, $replace);
+    return $str;
 }
 
 sub vmethod_uri {
@@ -3002,7 +3054,14 @@ sub dump_parse {
     my $obj = UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0], __PACKAGE__) ? shift : __PACKAGE__->new;
     my $str = shift;
     require Data::Dumper;
-    return Data::Dumper::Dumper($obj->parse_variable(\$str));
+    return Data::Dumper::Dumper($obj->parse_tree(\$str));
+}
+
+sub dump_parse_expr {
+    my $obj = UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0], __PACKAGE__) ? shift : __PACKAGE__->new;
+    my $str = shift;
+    require Data::Dumper;
+    return Data::Dumper::Dumper($obj->parse_expr(\$str));
 }
 
 ###----------------------------------------------------------------###
@@ -3211,16 +3270,16 @@ sub get {
     my ($self, $var) = @_;
     if (! ref $var) {
         if ($var =~ /^\w+$/) {  $var = [$var, 0] }
-        else {                  $var = $self->_template->parse_variable(\$var, {no_dots => 1}) }
+        else {                  $var = $self->_template->parse_expr(\$var, {no_dots => 1}) }
     }
-    return $self->_template->get_variable($var, {no_dots => 1});
+    return $self->_template->play_expr($var, {no_dots => 1});
 }
 
 sub set {
     my ($self, $var, $val) = @_;
     if (! ref $var) {
         if ($var =~ /^\w+$/) {  $var = [$var, 0] }
-        else {                  $var = $self->_template->parse_variable(\$var, {no_dots => 1}) }
+        else {                  $var = $self->_template->parse_expr(\$var, {no_dots => 1}) }
     }
     $self->_template->set_variable($var, $val, {no_dots => 1});
     return $val;